URBANISATION :
Mainly, urbanization is the process by which is a very large number of the people become Permanently concentrated in small areas forming cities. The history of Urbanization in the world is quite very old so the urbanization is quite a recent development in the overall evolution of the human civilization. Human accommodation have brought extreme change in the natural environment. Depending based upon the size of the population, Area, Industrial and Cultural growth each settlement has its ecosystem. The pace at which these settlements surface and take shape is much faster compared to the natural evolutionary processes with our economic growth accompanied by social demands, the settlements have grown and many more are growing into large settlements.
How does urbanization affect the environment?
An urban area is a human accommodation with a high population mass and infrastructure of built the environment. Urban areas are created through the urbanization and are categorized by urban with the form of living as cities and towns. In urban human society it contrasts with natural environment. The creation of early precursor of urban areas in the time of the urban revolution conduct to the formation of the human civilization with latest urban planning, which along with other population activities such as exploitation of many natural resources led to a human Impact on the environment.
Let's now explain the affects of Urbanization on Environment in detail :
1. TRANSFORM IN LAND USE :
Mostly, Towns and cities are increased with economically growth of the human societies. These, therefore , materialize at mainly locations where land provides a based for some viable economic activity and both of agricultural and Non-agricultural land types, these, therefore subsist on land. As towns grow they occupy the productive of crop Lands and rich forests both intracity and regionally open lands are converted Into built-up-area, Thus the land with all its biological resources is Irreversibly lost. An estimated the area of 1.5Mha of well agricultural land has been demolish up by the towns and cities. We have missing practically all wild life from their suburbs unsettled to encroachment on many agricultural land in their surroundings.
2. DEPLATION OF WATER RESOURCES :
Water need of the urban population also very increase everyday and Almost all of it has to be met through with the water supply system with the rapidly increasing our urban population and limited resources it is becoming increasingly very difficult to meet the requirements of the urban water supply. The big cities, in a smaller towns the position of the water supply is very much worse due to extensive built-up-areas, the local ground water recharges decline and the cities have to draw water from outside sources with further growth, the demands increase and the cities draw from distance sources. Water for the cities has to be drained at the cost of cultivation and as per rural demands. Since the water is drawn from very long distances, it follows pathway different than the natural hydrologic routes and therefore, will affect the ecosystem.
3. BUILDING MATERIALS :
Construction of new houses and other commercial structures need large quantities of building materials as per estimated required for new houses every year. These would requirement million of bricks during annually in a year, thus the rest come from the Adjoining areas comprising fertile land so causing further damage to good quality agricultural land.
4. INDUSTRIES :
Industrial development make one's way almost hand in hand with urbanization. Metropolitan cities to draw upon water resources heavily. Mostly, Water requirement per tonnes of produced in our crude oil refinery is between 1-3cubic mt, It is 5-8cubic mt for diary, 20-40cubic mt for textiles , 100-250cubic mt for steel, 300-400cubic mt for pulp and paper and 350-600cubic mt for viscos rayon industries.
5. SLUMS :
Slums represent one of the overcome types of environmental degeneration which have become concomitant to urbanization and industrialization. Ex- About 18.75% of India's urban population lives in slums. The slum reside have an environment with inadequate of the living space, water supply, Sewerage facilities. This cause immovable deterioration of surrounding regions as well as the human health.
6. WATER POLLUTION :
Pollution of fresh water through our urbanization and industrialization is massive. About 80-90% of the drinking water comes from many others sources as rivers- Polluted by these human activities. About 70% Large and small industry contribute by big volume of the polluting effluents and 30% small and cottage industry sector. The cities are stream million of cubic meter of waste water into the natural water resources, further cities are either not fully sewered or have very insufficient facilities, Thus sewage either exude into the soil and pollutes mainly ground water or its flows through streams and rivers.
7. AIR POLLUTION :
Most of the air pollution in the urban areas results from the throw out of Sulphur dioxide , Oxide of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfides and suspended several kind of Particles, such as- fly ash. The average level of particulates in our cities air in very high. There is considerable evidence to show that these Ingredients which are causing air pollution to come from automobiles, Industries, Many types of kitchen and considerable damage to plants, animals and to all living beings.
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